Pharma Studio Medical, Pharmaceutical, And Nursing Resources DRUG SIDE EFFECTS & CLINICAL USES NOTES 1. DRUG SIDE EFFECTS (ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS – ADRs) Definition Unwanted or harmful effects that occur when a drug is taken at normal doses. Types of Side Effects (ADRs) 1. Type A (Augmented) Predictable and dose-dependent Related to drug’s normal action Examples: Aspirin → Gastric irritation Insulin → Hypoglycemia Common and usually preventable 2. Type B (Bizarre) Unpredictable Not dose-dependent Often allergic or genetic Examples: Penicillin → Anaphylaxis Rare but dangerous 3. Type C (Chronic) Due to long-term use Examples: Corticosteroids → Osteoporosis 4. Type D (Delayed) Occur after long time Examples: Chemotherapy → Secondary cancers 5. Type E (End-of-use) Withdrawal effects Examples: Morphine → Withdrawal symptoms 6. Type F (Failure) Unexpected failure of therapy Example: Antibiotic resistance Common Side Effects Categories Gastrointestinal Nausea Vomiting Diar...