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Drug side effects and clinical uses
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Medical, Pharmaceutical, And Nursing Resources
DRUG SIDE EFFECTS & CLINICAL USES NOTES
1. DRUG SIDE EFFECTS (ADVERSE DRUG REACTIONS – ADRs)
Definition
Unwanted or harmful effects that occur when a drug is taken at normal doses.
Types of Side Effects (ADRs)
1. Type A (Augmented)
Predictable and dose-dependent
Related to drug’s normal action
Examples:
Aspirin → Gastric irritation
Insulin → Hypoglycemia
Common and usually preventable
2. Type B (Bizarre)
Unpredictable
Not dose-dependent
Often allergic or genetic
Examples:
Penicillin → Anaphylaxis
Rare but dangerous
3. Type C (Chronic)
Due to long-term use
Examples:
4. Type D (Delayed)
Occur after long time
Examples:
Chemotherapy → Secondary cancers
5. Type E (End-of-use)
Withdrawal effects
Examples:
Morphine → Withdrawal symptoms
6. Type F (Failure)
Unexpected failure of therapy
Example:
Common Side Effects Categories
Gastrointestinal
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Headache
Allergic Reactions
Rash
Itching
Anaphylaxis
Organ Toxicity
Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
Nephrotoxicity (kidney damage)
Factors Affecting Side Effects
Age (elderly & children more vulnerable)
Dose and duration
Genetic factors
Disease conditions
Definition
The medical conditions or diseases for which a drug is used.
Categories of Clinical Uses
1. Curative
Treat and eliminate disease
Examples:
Amoxicillin → Bacterial infections
2. Palliative
Relieve symptoms (not cure)
Examples:
Paracetamol → Pain relief
3. Preventive (Prophylactic)
Prevent disease
Examples:
Vaccines → Prevent infections
4. Diagnostic
Help diagnose disease
Examples:
Contrast agents in imaging
5. Replacement Therapy
Replace missing substances
Examples:
Insulin → Diabetes
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