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DRUG CLASS: ANALGESICS (NSAIDs – Paracetamol / Ibuprofen)
1. Definition
Analgesics are drugs used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness.
2. Classification
A. Non-Opioid Analgesics
- Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
- Ibuprofen
- Aspirin
B. Opioid Analgesics
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Tramadol
3. Mechanism of Action (MOA)
NSAIDs:
- Inhibit Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 & COX-2)
- Decrease prostaglandin synthesis
- Reduced pain
- Reduced inflammation
- Reduced fever
4. Indications
- Mild to moderate pain
- Fever
- Inflammation (e.g., arthritis)
- Headache
- Menstrual pain
5. Side Effects
Common:
- Gastric irritation
- Nausea
- Vomiting
Serious:
- Gastrointestinal bleeding
- Kidney damage
- Liver toxicity (especially Paracetamol overdose)
6. Contraindications
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Severe liver disease
- Severe kidney impairment
- Hypersensitivity to NSAIDs
7. Nursing Considerations
- Administer with food to reduce gastric irritation
- Monitor liver and renal function
- Avoid overdose (especially Paracetamol)
- Educate patients on correct dosage
8. Clinical Tips (Exam Focus)
- Paracetamol overdose → Liver failure
- Ibuprofen → Gastric irritation
- Aspirin → Avoid in children (Reye’s syndrome)
9. Memory Trick
- “NSAIDs = Pain ↓ + Fever ↓ + Inflammation ↓”
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